BALAMBAN IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN CONTEXT FROM ANTIQUITY TO RENAISSANCE (6/6)

END NOTES

¹http://www.artsales.com/ARTistory/Ancient_Ships/11_solomons_navy.html

²Medinet Habu inscription of Ramesses III's 8th year, lines 16-17, trans. by John A. Wilson in Pritchard, J.B. (ed.) Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition, Princeton 1969., p.262

³James H. Breasted, Extracts from Medinet Habu inscription, trans. 1906, iv.§§65-66

⁴Based on cross references between the Malay & Maranao Epic “Indarapatra and Sulayman”, the biblical account on the voyage of Solomon of Jerusalem and Hiram of Tyre, the Javanese legends about Dewi Kelisuci and Puteri Bulukis, and the historical account on the attack of the Egyptians against the sea-people.

Najeeb M. Saleeby, “Studies in Moro History, Law, and Religon”, Vol. IV, Part l, Ethnological Survey Publications, pp. 16-19.

⁵http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL58_0405.pdf

⁶http://iranunnation.blogspot.com/

⁷ According to the legend as related by Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian who flourished between 60 or 30 B.C., Semiramis was of noble parents, the daughter of the fish-goddess Derketo (Atargatis) of Ascalon in Syria and a mortal. Derketo abandoned her at birth and drowned herself. The child was fed by doves until she was found and brought up by Simmas, the royal shepherd. Afterwards she married Onnes or Menones, one of the generals of Ninus. Ninus was so struck by her bravery at the capture of Bactra that he married her, forcing Onnes to commit suicide.

She and Ninus had a son named Ninyas. After King Ninus conquered Asia, including the Bactrians, he was fatally wounded by an arrow. Semiramis then masqueraded as her son and tricked her late husband's army into following her instructions because they thought these came from their new ruler. After Ninus's death she reigned as queen regnant, conquering much of Asia.

Not only was she able to reign effectively, she also added Ethiopia to the empire. She restored ancient Babylon and protected it with a high brick wall that completely surrounded the city. She is also credited with inventing the chastity belt. Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus credits her as the first person to castrate a male youth into eunuch-hood: "Semiramis, that ancient queen who was the first person to castrate male youths of tender age" (Lib. XIV).

According to Hislop's The Two Babylons (1853) in the end, however, her son Zoroaster killed her. This may be derived from the legend of Ishtar and Gilgamesh.

The association of the fish and dove is found at Hierapolis Bambyce (Mabbog), the great temple at which, according to one legend, was founded by Semiramis, where her statue was shown with a golden dove on her head.

One of the most popular legends in Armenian tradition involves Semiramis and an Armenian king, Ara the Beautiful. In the 20th century, the poet Nairi Zarian retold the story of Ara the Beautiful and Shamiram, in a work considered to be a masterpiece of Armenian literary drama. According to the legend, Semiramis had heard about the fame of the handsome Armenian king Ara, and she lusted after his image. She asked Ara to marry her, but he refused; upon hearing this, she gathered the armies of Assyria and marched against Armenia. During the battle, which may have taken place in the Ararat valley, Ara was slain. In order to avoid continuous warfare with the Armenians, Semiramis, reputed to be a sorceress, took his body and prayed to the gods to raise Ara from the dead. When the Armenians advanced to avenge their leader, she disguised one of her lovers as Ara and spread the rumor that the gods had brought Ara back to life. As a result, the war ended.

⁸Vladimir I. Braginsky, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Two Eastern Christian Sources on Medieval Nusantara, Vol. 154, No. 3 (1998), pp. 367-396.

⁹http://www.uv.es/EBRIT/micro/micro_376_32.html

¹⁰http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba

¹¹Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek (Kebra Nagast), pp. 1-199.

¹²Zainuddin 1961:27

¹³Tibbetts 1979:210

¹⁴Colless 1968:329

¹⁵Ibid.

¹⁶Michael Laffan, Finding Java: Muslim nomenclature of insular Southeast Asia from Śrîvijaya to Snouck Hurgronje, Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 52, Nov 2005, pp. 1-70.

¹⁷Markoe, Peoples of the Past: Phoenicians, pp. 170-188. 

“Sea Peoples and the Phoenicians: A Critical Turning Point in History”, Based on the paper presented by Sanford Holst at Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, Morocco on June 28, 2005.

¹⁸Moscati, Sabatino  The Phoenicians  (New York: Rizzoli International, 1999/1988), pp. 8-304.

¹⁹http://nabataea.net/festrade.html

²⁰Bronson,1996:181

²¹Guy 1990:13

²² Guy 1990:7

²³ Wang 1998:76

²⁴ Wang 1998:78

²⁵Hourani 1995:76

²⁶Hourani, 1995:46

²⁷Hourani and Flecker

²⁸Guy 1990:6

²⁹ Guy 1990:2

³⁰ Wang 1998:99

³¹Theories of Indianization Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia), by Dr. Helmut Lukas

³² Martin Haspelmath, The World Atlas of Language Structures, page 569, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-925591-1

³³Lam 199):151

³⁴ Jose G. Kuizon, The Sanskrit Loan-words in the Cebuano-Bisayan Language, pp. 7-11

³⁵Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. pp. 171.

³⁶Ibid., pp. 122.

Zain, Sabri. "Sejarah Melayu, Buddhist Empires"

³⁷ Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (1995). "The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives"

³⁸"History of Madagascar". Lonely Planet.com. Retrieved 2010-07-07.

³⁹Munoz. Early Kingdoms. pp. 113

⁴⁰Jerry Bentley, "Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchange in Pre-Modern Times  (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 72.

⁴¹Munoz. Early Kingdoms. p. 124.

⁴²Ibid, p. 125.

⁴³Ibid, p. 132.

⁴⁴Ibid, p. 130.

⁴⁵Ibid, p. 140.

⁴⁶Ibid, p. 143.

⁴⁷Azra, Azyumardi (2006). Islam in the Indonesian world: an account of institutional formation. Mizan  Pustaka. ISBN 979-433-430-8.

⁴⁸Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Nugroho Notosusanto, (1992), Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman  kuna, PT Balai Pustaka, ISBN 979-407-408-X

⁴⁹Muljana, Slamet (2006). Sriwijaya. Yogyakarta: LKiS. ISBN 9798451627.

⁵⁰Laguna Copperplate Inscription - Article in English. Accessed September 04, 2008.

⁵¹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription

⁵²Munoz. Early Kingdoms, p. 165.

⁵³Ibid, p. 167.

⁵⁴Friedrich Hirth and W.W.Rockhill, (1911), Chao Ju-kua, His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in theTwelfth and Thirteen centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chi, St Petersburg. Drs. R. Soekmono, (1973, 5th  reprint edition in 1988). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed.. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. pp. 60.

⁵⁵Muljana, Slamet (2006). Sriwijaya. Yogyakarta: LKiS. ISBN 9798451627.

⁵⁶Rasul, Jainal D. (2003). Agonies and Dreams: The Filipino Muslims and Other Minorities. Quezon City: CARE Minorities. pp. 77.

⁵⁷Spuler, Bertold; F.R.C Bagley (1981). The Muslim world : a historical survey, Part 4. Brill Archive. pp. 252.

⁵⁸Slamet Muljana. Menuju Puncak Kemegahan (LKIS, 2005)

⁵⁹Majapahit Overseas Empire, Digital Atlas of Indonesian History

⁶⁰Natasha Reichle, Violence and Serenity: Late Buddhist Sculpture from Indonesia, p. 196.

⁶¹Robert Kerr et al,  A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels (Arranged in Systematic Order: Forming a Complete History of the Origin and Progress Navigation, Discovery, and Commerce, By Sea and Land, From the Earliest Ages To the Present Time), Vo. 1, p. 409. 

⁶²Ibid, p. 410.

⁶³http://dxup.multiply.com/journal/item/1304?&show_interstitial=1&u=%2Fjournal%2Fitem

⁶⁴http://philippinemytholgy.blogspot.com/2009/03/tabunuway-and-mamalu.html

⁶⁵Marsudi et al. 62

⁶⁶McHenry 78

⁶⁷Saleeby 1963:43

⁶⁸Saleeby 1963:45

⁶⁹Hassell 1953:71-2

⁷⁰Mark Woodward, Java, Indonesia and Islam, p. 87.

⁷¹Tawalisi must be a Chinese pronunciation of Jawa resi which would mean either “kingdom of Java” or “king of Java”. It must to be recalled that there were a group of Hoi-hoi, Chinese Muslims, who were with the said voyage to China. The king of Tawalisi referred to probably was either Kertanagara or Raden Vijaya or both in a mixture.

⁷²Probably it is either a corrupted form of Singosari the old kingdom of Java which capital city was at   Tumapel, located near the modern city of Malang and not very far from the port of Surabaya.

⁷³This refers to Jayanagara, the son of Raden Vijaya to a Sumatran princess and a half-brother of the Bhre Daha, who assumed the imperial throne at Madjapahit. It is very probable that the murder of Jayanagara by Ra Tanca under the manipulation of Gadja Mada was concealed and kept secret for a long time.

⁷⁴This refers to Gadjah Mada who as Prime Minister acted as the father of the children of the deceased Raden Vijaya in behalf of the latter and of the queen regent, the widow Rajapatni Gayatri.

⁷⁵It is misread by many historians as Urduja. Bhre Daha is pronounced in Malay as wahre daha which was spelled by Ibn Battuta in his Rihla as ج د ر ح و which when read in reverse is WHR DJ. Bhre is a  Javanese title for a duke, duchess, or governor. It is derived from the Egyptian word bahre which mean “sea people” or “of the sea”. In antiquity Java and Sumatra -- which was probably physically connected by an  ancient city built over the sea which submerged due to volcanic eruption and the eventual tsunami that followed – had gradually became one maritime empire through the help of the sea people known locally as orang laut.

The said Bhre Daha was Rajadewi Dyah Wiyat who was also known in legends as Nyai Roro Kidul, Dewi Galuh Chandra Kirana, Dewi Sekartaji, Bidasari, Bartuha, Dewi Anggraeni, and etc. and in the Islamic world as Putri Paramisuli, Puteri Chandra Dewi, and Juzul Asiqin. In the Sejarah Melayu she was referred as Kençana or Kesuma, the “daughter” of Gadjah Mada (perhaps it really meant adopted daughter or daughter-in-law). She was also considered as the incarnation of the goddess of love, Kamaratih, and as a descendant of the Queen of Sheba and of Alexander the Great.

⁷⁶The Malay word “nakuda” is still used until today in Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia to denote a “ship-captain”. More probably the said Nakhoda was Adityawarman, the king of Sumatra and son of Gadjah Mada (there is a great possibility that Gadjah Mada was the ruler of Samudra Pasai, Sultan Malik al-Zahir, met by Ibn Battuta in 1346) and a Dharmasraya princess Dara Jingga (sister of Dara Petak the mother of Jayanagara) who had married the Bhre Daha on his return trip from a diplomatic expedition to China in 1347. He was the envoy whom a Chinese source calls Sengk'ia-lie-yu-lan (Slamet Muljana, 2005, Runtuhnya Kerajaan Hindu-Jawa dan Timbulnya Negara-negara Islam di Nusantara, Yogyakarta: LKiS, ISBN 978-979-8451-16-4.) He was also the same nobleman met by Ibn Battuta in Delhi with the name of Amir Muhammad Badar ud-din Khan. There were some references that suggested that he was converted to Islam in the late 14^th century (A.H. Hill, “The Coming of Islam to North Sumatra, “Journal of Southeast Asian History 4 (1963): 6-21) and he was the same Abu Bakr who was sailing homeward to Sumatra from the Maghrib and was the captain of the ship by which Ibn Battuta and his 40 companions were chance passengers who all met an unimaginable storm at the Indian Ocean in 1334 (Ross E. Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century, pp. 163-164). A passage in Ibn Battuta’s Rihla stated that a storm hit one night in the Indian Ocean and Ibn Battuta had seen nothing like it before which was described by the latter as follows:

“We were in sore straits and destruction visibly before our eyes. I was in the cabin, along with a man from the Maghreb named Abu Bakr, and I bade him go up on deck to observe the state of the sea. He did  so and came back to me in the cabin saying to me, ‘I commend you to God.

The vessel could make no headway against the furious wind and was blown back nearly to Sinope. The storm subsided for a time, and then returned as savagely as before, and the ship was again driven back. Finally the wind swung round to the stern and after several days of panic and near-catastrophe the Crimean Mountains loomed ahead. The captain made for Kerch on the western bank of the strait leading  into the Sea of Azov. But as he approached the port he sighted people on the shore apparently trying to  signal him off. Fearing enemy war galleys in the harbor, he turned westward along the coast, probably heading for either Kaffa or Sudak…”

The said Abu Bakr was the one who propagated Islam in Mindanao and established the Sultanate of Sulu. However, a lot of inscriptions dated 1347 found in Sumatra would tell that Adityawarman was an esoteric Buddhist ruling the island until 1375 or probably a Muslim but still practicing the Buddhist ways. In Panji legends he was called as Panji Asmoro Bangun and Raden Inu Kertapati.

⁷⁷It is often misread as Bakshi. Daha at that time was composed of a community who were mostly Buddhists and few Hindus. Hence a holy man like a priest was often addressed as a Bikhşu or Bikkhu (monk) or as Bikhşuni or Bikkhuni (nun) if a female. Ibn Battuta was looked not only as a qadi but also as a holy man or an imam. Later on the word Bakkhi was used to mean an Islamic holy man to differentiate from a Buddhist monk.

^78“Dawat wa batak katur” can literally be translated in Malay Javanese as “Ink and Batak manuscript.” Katur or ketur means manuscript while the term for paper is lontar. It might probably have originated from hemp similar to a papyrus plant which was named as qirtas because the people of Egypt used it to make sheaves of paper. The manufacturers took the best of the said hemp grown in Sumatra and aside from paper made a sheet of it rather like a fine multi-colored silk brocade (for clothes) and exported it to India, the sub-continent of India, and Yemen. (Michael Laffan, Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 52: “Finding Java: Muslim nomenclature of insular Southeast Asia from Srivijaya to Snouck Hurgronje,” p. 39.) Historically, the Batak was an ethnic group in Sumatra who made papers for Batak scripts that were exclusively used by priests and a datu mainly for magical texts and calendars. From this information, it could be understood the reason on why the Bhre Daha, being a queen governor, asked for a Batak manuscript instead of other Javanese manuscripts available. Hence batak katur would also mean paper made in Sumatra which was used for writing the Batak or the Kawi script. But instead of the Kawi, the Bhre Daha used the Jawi script so that Ibn Battuta could understand it.  

The Jawi alphabet has existed since around 1300 CE in the Malay Archipelago. Its development is linked with the arrival of Islam, mainly from Persians. It was adapted to suit spoken classical Malay – it is written from right to left and has 6 sounds not found in Arabic: ca pa ga nga va and nya. Many Arabic characters are never used as they are not pronounced in Malay language, and some letters are never joined and some joined obligatorily so.

The Jawi script originated from Arabic literature introduced from Persian contact with the Kingdom of Jambi, also called the Kingdom of Malayu, north of Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia, where classical Malay -- the root language from which modern Indonesian and Malay are both derived. It is probable that those who converted to Islam opted to write in the Jawi script, due to its close association with Islamic culture, rather than to use the Javanese script, which was derived from the writing systems used in the Hindu and Buddhist regions of South Asia. The etymology of Jawi imply originated in Java, as some scholars argue. However, as it is present, but not common in Java, it could be the case that the word Jawi was used as a catch-all term to describe those under Javanese rule or from the vague direction of Java. It could also be referring to the ancient empire of Javaka, hence the term Jawi, the predecessor to the empires of Madjapahit and Srivijaya with whom the Arabs traders and missionaries made early contact.

The earliest archeological remains have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone (Batu Bersurat Terengganu), dated 1303 A.D. (702H by the Islamic calendar), whereas the earliest use of the Roman alphabet is found near the end of the 19th century. The earliest document so far discovered is the circa 1300–1399 CE romantic poem Syair Bidasari discovered in Sumatra (the content of the poem itself recounts the biography of the Bhre Daha), which interestingly has an identical prose version among the Maranaos of Mindanao entitled Bidasari. The region of Terengganu was known to be under the influence of Srivijaya as late as the 13th century, while the Terengganu Sultanate only dates as far back as the 18th century. This adds extra weight to the argument of Jawi originating in Jambi by the former Sriwijaya vassal kingdoms of Pasai.

⁷⁹Probably this was in reference to the battles at the Sadeng and Keta areas in 1331 and at Pejeng, Dalem Bedahulu, and the entire Bali in 1343. According to the Pararaton there was a rebellion that arose in Sadeng and Keta in 1331. While Gadjah Mada was in a debate with the rakreyans, or the nobles, on who would command the army against the said rebellion, the Tribhuwanawijayatunggadewi set off alone as commander on suppressing the rebels. And according to the Nagarakretagama, with the assistance of her cousin, Adityawarman, the crown prince of Sumatra and son of Gadjah Mada, the Tribhuwanawijayatunggadewi crushed the rebellion. Moreover in 1343, in her conquest against the kingdom of Pejeng, Dalem Bedahulu, and the entire Bali she became victorious by beheading the leader of the Bali Aga, Sri Aji Asura Bumibanten, who was said to have supernatural powers, at the Dalem Bedahulu River. From this, it could be concluded that the said Tribhuwanawijayatunggadewi that crushed the rebellion at Sadeng and Keta in 1331 and conquered the kingdom of Pejeng was not Dyah Gitarja (Bhre Kahuripan) but Dyah Wiyat (Bhre Daha). The Malay word “wiyat” has the same meaning in the Cebuano word “bilat” which means “vagina”.

⁸⁰Henry Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither Vol.2, pp. 473-477.

⁸¹Ibid

⁸² Noorduyn 1978, 312

⁸³ Olthof 1987, 79

⁸⁴ Yule 1866, 2:321-5, 383, 388-92; for a detailed analysis at Marignolli’s account of Saba, see Colless 1968.

⁸⁵ Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 279.

⁸⁶ Drs. R. Soekmono, (1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed.. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 72.

⁸⁷ Y. Achadiati S, Soeroso M.P., (1988). Sejarah Peradaban Manusia: Zaman Majapahit. Jakarta: PT Gita Karya, p. 13. It is very possible that the real reason why Gadjah Mada had tried to prevent the marriage between Hayam Wuruk and the Sunda princess was because the two were brother and sister respectively. It is very probable that Hayam Wuruk and the Sunda princess were the children of Ibn Battuta of the two different women who carrying their respective babies – a boy and a girl -- were killed in Sumatra in 1334 along with other passengers after the treasurer ship of Muhammad ibn Tughluq were taken there by pirates and the captain of the said ship called kakam who was a certain Ibrahim was “killed”. There are passages in the Javanese texts that said that Hayam Wuruk was an adopted son of the Bhre Daha and not really a son of the Bhre Kahuripan.

⁸⁸ BOGAERTS 1990, 6; PIGEAUD 1962, 211

⁸⁹ Millet, Didier (Hardcover edition — August 2003). John Miksic. ed. Indonesian Heritage Series: Ancient History. Singapore 169641: Archipelago Press. p. 106.

⁹⁰ Devahuti 1965:59

⁹¹ Ricklefs (1991), page 19.

⁹² Cribb, Robert, Historical Atlas of Indonesia, University of Hawai'i Press, 2000

⁹³Vlekke 1960: 79

⁹⁴ Le May 1956: 108

⁹⁵ Buyers, Christopher. "The Ruling House of Malacca - Johor". Retrieved 2009-06-13.

⁹⁶Alexanderll, James (September 2006). Malaysia Brunei & Singapore. New Holland Publishers. p. 8. 

"South and Southeast Asia, 500 - 1500". The Encyclopedia of World History. 1. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2001. p. 138.

⁹⁷Ricklefs (1991), pp. 37 & 100.

⁹⁸Ibid, p. 18.

⁹⁹Zhong-yang Yan-jiu yuan Ming Shi-lu, volume 12, page 1506/07

Geoff Wade, translator, Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/1730, accessed March 08, 2012.

¹⁰⁰

¹⁰¹Ricklefs, 37 and 100

¹⁰²http://mhtaufiq.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46:majapahit&catid=34:kingdoms& Itemid=53

¹⁰³http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/indonesia/all.html

¹⁰⁴Husein Djajadiningrat (1913), pp. 68 & 94.

¹⁰⁵A. G. Muhaimin, The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat Among Javanese Muslims, Department of Anthropology Division of Society and Environment Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (July 1995), pp. 159-186. Literally Maulana Mas Huda would mean King of Judah which would corroborate the fact that his Semitic constituents were called as the Bani Israil or the Tribe of Israel. It would either denote that they were actually Jews or the Muslim Arabs who had conquered Jerusalem.

¹⁰⁶http://www.starbacks.ca/Athens/5738/hj-wali9.htm

¹⁰⁷Sriti Mayang Sari, “The Influence of Traditional Javanese Culture on the Ornamental Application in Sunan Giri Mosque, East Java”, Fine Arts in Egypt 100 Years of Creativity, p. 2. 

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/06/04/spiritual-tourism-sidoarjo.html

http://marthaandivalwordpresscom.typepad.com/blog/art-and-culture/

http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=69894&st=120

¹⁰⁸http://www.hikot.com/index.php?do=/sultanate-state-of-sulu/

¹⁰⁹Victor M. Fic, From Majapahit and Sukuh To Megawati Sukarnoputri, Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications, 2003, ISBN 81-7017-404-X, p. 79.

¹¹⁰http://epress.anu.edu.au/islamic/itc/mobile_devices/ch06s02.html

¹¹¹http://www.eastjava.com/books/majapahit/html/decline.html

¹¹²http://sitbatan.blogspot.com/2010/12/walisongo.html

¹¹³http://pinoyexchange.com/forums/showthread.php?t=418302 

http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t204931.html

¹¹⁴http://mhariwijaya.blogspot.com/2008/02/dari-nabi-ibrahim-sampai-syailendra.html

¹¹⁵Wink, André. Al-Hind: Indo-Islamic society, 14th-15th centuries. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 90 04 13561 8.

¹¹⁶This is a hypothesis based on the synthesis between comparative studies on the (a) living Cebuano oral traditions on Lapu-lapu; (b) Malay accounts on Hang Tuah; (c) Cirebon accounts on Sharif Hidayatullah; (d) Bornean accounts on Awang Semaun; (e) Pigafetta’s journal account on the events that took place in Southeast Asia; and (f) the Legaspi expedition’s accounts on Cimaggio.

¹¹⁷http://www.squidoo.com/hang_tuah

¹¹⁸Lina Quimat, Glimpses in History of Early Cebu, p. 35.

¹¹⁹A. G. Muhaimin, The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat Among Javanese Muslims, Department of Anthropology Division of Society and Environment Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (July 1995), pp. 171-172.

¹²⁰Yang tersurat dan yang tersirat. Historicity and Historical Truth, p. 38.

¹²¹Kassim Ahmad 1997: 430-31

¹²²Ibid, 434

¹²³Mingana, op.cit., p. 469. In the original document the name is Dabag which Mingana and several others read as Java.

¹²⁴A. G. Muhaimin, The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat Among Javanese Muslims, Department of Anthropology Division of Society and Environment Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (July 1995), pp. 173-174.

¹²⁵http://www.asiaexplorers.com/malaysia/tun-teja-mausoleum-malacca.htm. 

Teja is known as Tun Teja Ratna Benggala in the Hikayat Hang Tuah.

¹²⁶Haywood, John (2002). Historical Atlas of the Early Modern World 1492–1783. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0760732043.

Ronald Bishop Smith, Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, "Diogo Lopes de Sequeira: Elements on His Office of Almotacé Mor", Silvas, 1975 (Inclui o texto de cinco cartas (Fev.1524-Dez.1524) trocadas entre o rei, D.João III e Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, regulador real de pesos, medidas e preços).

David B. Quinn, Cecil H. Clough, Paul Edward Hedley Hair, "The European outthrust and encounter",p. 97, Liverpool University Press, 1994, ISBN 9780853232292

Henry Morse Stephens, "Albuquerque", p. 97 - the conquest of Malacca

James Maxwell Anderson, "The history of Portugal", p. 72, conquest of the city of Malacca, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 9780313311062

Sanjay Subrahmanyam, "The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama", p. 300, Cambridge University Press, 1997

¹²⁷http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/asia/malaysia/malacca/portuguese.html

¹²⁸"Martín Fernández de Navarrete". Page 14. Retrieved 2009-03-22.

¹²⁹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_of_Malacca

¹³⁰Muhammad Haji Salleh, ‘Sulalat Al Salatin’, Yayasan Karyawan dan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1997

‘Sejarah Melayu’, Raffles MS 18, C C Brown, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. XXV Parts 2 & 3, 1952

Kassim Ahmad, ‘Hikayat Hang Tuah’, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1995

R. O Winstedt, ‘The Malay Magician’, 1961, Oxford University Press, 1993

R. O Winstedt, ‘Shaman, Saiva and Sufi – A Study of the Evolution of Malay Magic’, 1924

Godinho de Eredia, ‘Description of Malacca’ (1613), Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Reprint 14, 1997

Tome Pires, ‘Suma Oriental’, Asian Educational Services Reprint, 1990

¹³¹

¹³²

¹³³

¹³⁴Documentaçao para a Historia das Missōes do Padroado Portugés do Oriente, Ed. Artur Basilio da Sá & Prof. Antonio da Silva Rego, Lisbōa, 1954-1958, Vol. 1, p. 46. Also Cartas de Afonso de Albuquerque, Lisboa, 1935, Vol. 3, p. 92.

¹³⁵ Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 46.

¹³⁶Trs. A. Cortesao, Hakluyt Society, London, 1944, p. 123.

¹³⁷William Henry Scott, Philippine Studies: The Mediterranean Connection, vol. 37, no. 2 (1989) 131–144, Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University, pp. 139-140. 

¹³⁸Donald F. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery, Vol. 1, ©1965, pp. 731-734.

¹³⁹Skelton, op.cit., p. 112. Sulu was still sending a tribute of pearls to Brunei in 1578. Cf. Blair & Robertson, op.cit., Vol. 4, p. 178.

¹⁴⁰Based on Pigafetta’s account.

¹⁴¹Based on the cross references between Pigafetta’s account and the Syair Awang Semaun.

¹⁴²Based on the cross references between Pigafetta’s account, Syair Awang Semaun, and the geographical description of the said region which undoubtedly fit the actual and exact location described by the Spanish chroniclers.

¹⁴³Frederick A. Ober, Ferdinand Magellan, The Baldwin Project: Bringing Yesterday's Classics to Today's Children, @mainlesson.com.

¹⁴⁴Ibid.

¹⁴⁵Ibid.

¹⁴⁶http://mahinogcamiguin.blogspot.com/2010_02_01_archive.html

¹⁴⁷Antonio Pigafetta, The First Voyage Around The World 1519-1522: An Account of Magellan’s Expedition, Edited by Theodore J. Cachey Jr., The Lorenzo Da Ponte Italian Library, p. 37.

¹⁴⁸Frederick A. Ober, Ferdinand Magellan, The Baldwin Project: Bringing Yesterday's Classics to Today's Children, @mainlesson.com.

¹⁴⁹Ibid.

¹⁵⁰Antonio Pigafetta, The First Voyage Around The World 1519-1522: An Account of Magellan’s Expedition, Edited by Theodore J. Cachey Jr., The Lorenzo Da Ponte Italian Library, p. 50.

¹⁵¹http://mizzrainbow.wordpress.com/2011/10/13/kebaya/

¹⁵²Antonio Pigafetta, The First Voyage Around The World 1519-1522: An Account of Magellan’s Expedition, Edited by Theodore J. Cachey Jr., The Lorenzo Da Ponte Italian Library, p. 55.

¹⁵³Frederick A. Ober, Ferdinand Magellan, The Baldwin Project: Bringing Yesterday's Classics to Today's Children, @mainlesson.com.

¹⁵⁴Carol Laderman, Taming the Wind of Desire: Psychology, Medicine, and Aesthetics in Malay Shamanistic Performance, pp. 92-94.

¹⁵⁵This is a merger based on cross references between Hikayat Hang Tuah and Cebuano oral history on Lapu-lapu.

Lina Quimat, Glimpses in History of Early Cebu, p. 40.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Tuah

¹⁵⁶Frederick A. Ober, Ferdinand Magellan, The Baldwin Project: Bringing Yesterday's Classics to Today's Children, @mainlesson.com.

¹⁵⁷Ibid.

¹⁵⁸Ibid.

¹⁵⁹Ibid.

¹⁶⁰Ibid.

¹⁶¹Based on cross references between the Malay, Brunei, Sulu, Cirebon, Maranao, Java, Johor and Pigafetta accounts.

¹⁶²http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1980_num_19_1_1524

¹⁶³"History of Jakarta". BeritaJakarta.com. The Jakarta City Administration. 2002. Retrieved August 16, 2011. 

¹⁶⁴http://tausug-global.blogspot.com/2010/05/mengimbau-kekuatan-tausug-di-nusantara.html 

http://hanputra.blogspot.com/2011/02/keagungan-sejarah-melayu-sulu.html

¹⁶⁵http://wn.com/sultanate_of_banten?orderby=relevance&upload_time=this_week

http://mannaismayaadventure.com/2010/09/07/the-spread-of-islam-in-indonesia-1200-1600/

¹⁶⁶http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinyamat_Kingdom

¹⁶⁷http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=220200

¹⁶⁸http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Sulu

http://historicalsulu.blogspot.com/2011/05/sultan-nasiruddin-i-and-coming.html 

¹⁶⁹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinyamat_Kingdom

¹⁷⁰www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=207212

¹⁷¹http://wn.com/sultanate_of_banten?orderby=relevance&upload_time=this_week

http://www.ask.com/wiki/Sultanate_of_Banten

¹⁷²http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/johor2.htm

¹⁷³www.gutenberg.org/files/13280/13280-8.txt 

¹⁷⁴Prescott Ford Jernegan, A Short History of the Philippines, p. 72.

¹⁷⁵Emma Helen Blair, The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume II, 1521-1569, The Project Gutenberg EBook, August 25, 2004 [EBook #13280], ISO-8859-1, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13280/13280-8.txt

¹⁷⁶Lucena De Asis Pilapil – Montilla, respondent.

¹⁷⁷Lina Quimat, Glimpses in History of Early Cebu, pp. 51-100.

¹⁷⁸http://mkleskas.13.forumer.com/a/philippine-history-from-the-fma-warriors-perspective_post11.html

http://www.ask.com/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti

¹⁷⁹http://wn.com/Miguel_L_C3_B3pez_de_Legazpi_Expedition_to_the_Philippines

¹⁸⁰www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/portindia.tx

¹⁸¹John Saris, The voyage of Captain John Saris to Japan, 1613, p. 3.

¹⁸²James Burgess, The Chronology of Modern India for Four Hundred Years from the Close of the Fifteenth Century, A.D. 1494-1894, p. 4.

¹⁸³E. H. Blair and J. A. Robertson, The Philippine Islands 1493-1898, Vol. 4 of 55 1576-1582, p. 97.

¹⁸⁴Montero y Vidal, i, pp. 41-42.

¹⁸⁵http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinyamat_Kingdom

¹⁸⁶http://www.ask.com/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti

¹⁸⁷http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/18.html

http://aero-comlab.stanford.edu/jameson/world_history/A_Short_History_of_Spain_and_Portugal.pdf

¹⁸⁸http://tausug-global.blogspot.com/2010/05/mengimbau-kekuatan-tausug-di-nusantara.html

¹⁸⁹http://www.san.beck.org/21-10-Philippinesto1949.html

 http://www.fullbooks.com/History-of-the-Philippine-Islands-Vols-1-and1.html

¹⁹⁰Romulus Gerali Cabahug, Balamban: Over A Century of Growth, copyright 1992, p. 1.

¹⁹¹Visser 1913:69

¹⁹²Eberhard 1968:293